They are shaking up the food industry.
Children in the U.S. consume significantly less fish than other animal-based proteins like beef and chicken, which may limit their intake of essential nutrients important for brain development and social behavior. A recent study by the University of Bristol, published in the European Journal of Nutrition, suggests that insufficient fish consumption during childhood could hinder the development of prosocial skills—such as helping, sharing, and comforting—behaviors that typically emerge between ages 1 and 2 and continue developing as children grow.
The study analyzed data from nearly 6,000 children, tracking their dietary habits and assessing behavior and cognitive performance through questionnaires at ages 7 and 9, and IQ testing at age 8. Results showed that children with lower fish intake at age 7 were 35% more likely to exhibit weaker social behaviors, with this likelihood rising to 45% by age 9.
Although the researchers did not find a clear link between fish consumption and IQ scores at age 8, they acknowledged potential influencing factors—such as limitations in testing methods or the counteracting effects of environmental contaminants like mercury, which can impact cognitive function. Nonetheless, the study reinforces that optimal brain development depends on adequate intake of key nutrients, particularly those found in fish and shellfish.
Fish provide essential omega-3 fatty acids—DHA and EPA—which support brain function and cognitive health. Caroline Taylor, a coauthor and associate professor of nutrition at the University of Bristol, noted that these nutrients might work individually or synergistically to promote neurodevelopment, particularly in brain areas tied to social functioning. She added that fostering these traits benefits society as a whole, promoting cooperation and empathy.
Health experts recommend that children eat fish at least twice per week, including one serving of oily fish, to maximize developmental benefits. While there are some concerns about toxins in seafood, following safety recommendations from healthcare providers and the Environmental Protection Agency can help minimize any risks.
Beyond omega-3s, fish are also a rich source of other crucial nutrients like protein, choline, iodine, selenium, and vitamin D. Choline, for instance, is needed to produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter critical for learning and memory.
Dr. David Berger, a pediatrician not involved in the study, highlighted the broader health impacts of fish-derived nutrients, noting their anti-inflammatory effects may benefit children with neurological conditions such as autism and ADHD, and even help with physical conditions like asthma and eczema.
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